Electronic devices and liquids for aerosolizing and inhaling therewith

ABSTRACT

An electronic device includes a mouthpiece, a bladder, and a mesh assembly having a mesh material and a piezoelectric material. The mesh material is in contact with a liquid of the bladder. The mouthpiece, the bladder, and the mesh assembly are located in-line along a longitudinal axis of the device between opposite longitudinal ends of the device, with the mesh assembly extending between and separating the mouthpiece and the bladder. A liquid-filled cartridge also is disclosed for use with an electronic device for delivery of a substance into a body through respiration includes a liquid container; and a liquid contained within the container for aerosolizing and inhaling by a person using the electronic device. The liquid includes a plurality of nanoparticles in a nanoemulsion, the nanoparticles including the encapsulation of the substance to be delivered into the body through respiration. The nanoemulsion preferably is produced using a microfluidizing machine.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to each ofU.S. provisional patent applications: 62/923,563, filed Oct. 20, 2019;62/923,602, filed Oct. 20, 2019; 62/923,604, filed Oct. 20, 2019;62/924,168, filed Oct. 21, 2019; and 62/924,171, filed Oct. 21, 2019,each of which is incorporated herein by reference. This application alsoincorporates by reference Applicant's U.S. patent application Ser. Nos.16/548,831; 16/657,732; and Ser. No. 16/657,755, and any U.S. patentapplication publication thereof and any U.S. patent issuing therefrom.Aspects and features of the invention are believed to be improvementsand enhancements over the devices and methods of Applicant's '831, '732,and '755 applications.

COPYRIGHT STATEMENT

All of the material in this patent document is subject to copyrightprotection under the copyright laws of the United States and othercountries. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimilereproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure,as it appears in official governmental records but, otherwise, all othercopyright rights whatsoever are reserved.

Computer Program Listing

Submitted concurrently herewith via the USPTO's electronic filingsystem, and incorporated herein by reference, are computer programfiles. A table setting forth the name and size of files included in thiscomputer program listing is included below.

File Name Creation Date File Size (bytes) ascify.txt Oct. 20, 2019 20:3337,473 readme.txt Oct. 20, 2019 11:55 2,741 files1.txt Oct. 20, 201920:41 22,478,505 files2.txt Oct. 20, 2019 20:59 11,960,834

One of these files, “readme.txt”, contains instructions for extractinginformation from “files1.txt” and “files2.txt”. “files1.txt” and“files2.txt” collectively represent a compressed binary file that hasbeen converted to ascii format. These files can be converted back to acompressed .zip archive utilizing an assembly conversion program sourcecode for which is contained in “ascify.txt”. The readme file includesinstructions for compiling and running this conversion program, andinstructions for converting the other text files to a compressed, binaryfile.

This compressed, binary file includes eDrawings files for a computermodel illustrating aspects and features in accordance with one or morepreferred embodiments, as well as a .pdf file illustrating aspects andfeatures in accordance with one or more preferred embodiments.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention generally relates to apparatus, systems, and methods forproducing an aerosol for inhalation by a person, whether intended forpersonal or recreational use, or for the administration of medicines.

Vaping has been rapidly increasing in popularity, primarily becausevaping provides a convenient, discreet, and presumably benign way toself-administer nicotine, cannabis, drugs or other micronutrients.Indeed, there is a common belief that vaping is healthier than smokingcigarettes; vaping purportedly lets smokers avoid dangerous chemicalsinhaled from regular cigarettes while still getting nicotine. Vapingalso can be used for cannabis.

Vaping is performed using a vaporizer. A vaporizer includes a vape penor a cigarette style vape, referred to by many as an e-cigarette or“eCig”. A vape pen generally is an elongate, thin, and stylized tubethat resembles a fancy pen. In contrast, an e-cigarette resembles anactual cigarette. The e-cigarette is usually small in size (usuallysmaller and more discreet than vape pens), easily portable, and easy touse.

A common vaporizer comprises a container, which may be a tank—which istypically refillable, or a cartridge—which is typically single-use andnot refillable. The tank or cartridge holds a liquid often referred toas an e-liquid or e-juice. Tanks are made out of polycarbonate plastic,glass, or stainless steel. The vaporizer also includes a mouthpiece forinhaling by a person through the mouth; an atomizer comprising a tinyheating element that converts the liquid into tiny, airborne dropletsthat are inhaled; and a controller for turning on the atomizer. Manyvape pens are mouth-activated and turn on automatically when a personinhales. Others vape pins are button activated and require the person topush a button to activate the atomizer. Vaporizers are electricallypowered using one or more batteries. The batteries typically are lithiumion batteries that are rechargeable and primarily are used to heat theheating element of the atomizer. A charger usually accompanies avaporizer when purchased for charging the batteries. The charger may bea USB charger, car charger, or wall charger, and such chargers aregenerally similar to phone chargers.

The battery-powered vaporizer produces vapor from any of a variety ofliquids and liquid mixtures, especially those containing nicotine orcannabinoids. Many different types and flavors are available. Moreover,the liquids can be non-medicated (i.e., containing no nicotine or othersubstances—just pure vegetable glycerin and flavoring), or the liquidscan contain nicotine or even in some instances if and where legal, theliquids can contain THC/CBD. The liquids also may contain one or more ofa variety of flavors as well as micronutrients such as, for example,vitamin B12. A person can mix the liquids for use with a vape pen.E-cigarettes typically are purchased with prefilled cartridges. Theheating element turns the contents of the liquids into an aerosol—thevapor—that is inhaled into the lungs and then exhaled by the person.Perhaps one of the most popular vaporizers today is known as the “JUUL”,which is a small, sleek device that resembles a computer USB flashdrive.

It is believed that while promoted as healthier than traditionalcigarette use, vaping actually may be more dangerous. Propylene glycol,vegetable glycerin and combinations or methylations thereof, arechemicals that are often mixed with nicotine, cannabis, or hemp oil foruse in vaporizers. Propylene glycol is the primary ingredient in amajority of nicotine-infused e-cigarette liquids. Unfortunately, at hightemperatures propylene glycol converts into tiny polymers that can wreakhavoc on lung tissue. In particular, scientists know a great deal aboutpropylene glycol. It is found in a plethora of common householditems—cosmetics, baby wipes, pharmaceuticals, pet food, antifreeze, etc.The U.S. Food and Drug Administration and Health Canada have deemedpropylene glycol safe for human ingestion and topical application. Butexposure by inhalation is another matter. Many things are safe to eatbut dangerous to breathe. Because of low oral toxicity, propylene glycolis classified by the FDA as “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) foruse as a food additive, but this assessment was based on toxicitystudies that did not involve heating and breathing propylene glycol.Indeed, a 2010 study published in the International Journal ofEnvironmental Research and Public Health concluded that airbornepropylene glycol circulating indoors can induce or exacerbate asthma,eczema, and many allergic symptoms. Children were said to beparticularly sensitive to these airborne toxins. An earlier toxicologyreview warned that propylene glycol, ubiquitous in hairsprays, could beharmful because aerosol particles lodge deep in the lungs and are notrespirable.

Moreover, when propylene glycol is heated, whether by a red-hot metalcoil of a heating element of a vaporizer or otherwise, the potentialharm from inhalation exposure increases. It is believed that highvoltage heat transforms the propylene glycol and other vaping additivesinto carbonyls. Carbonyls are a group of cancer-causing chemicals thatincludes formaldehyde, which has been linked to spontaneous abortionsand low birth weight. A known thermal breakdown product of propyleneglycol, formaldehyde is an International Agency for Research on Cancergroup 1 carcinogen!

Prevalent in nicotine e-cig products and present in some vape oilcartridges, FDA-approved flavoring agents pose additional risks wheninhaled rather than eaten. The flavoring compounds smooth and creamy(diacetyl and acetyl propionyl) are associated with respiratory illnesswhen inhaled in tobacco e-cigarette devices. Anotherhazardous-when-inhaled-but-safe-to-eat flavoring compound is Ceyloncinnamon, which becomes cytotoxic when aerosolized.

When a heating element gets red hot in a vaporizer, the liquid undergoesa process called “smoldering”, which is a technical term for what istantamount to “burning”; while much of the liquid is vaporized andatomized, a portion of the liquid undergoes pyrolysis or combustion. Inthat sense, most of the vaporizers that have flooded the commercialmarket may not be true vaporizers.

Additionally, clearance mechanisms of the lung, like all major points ofcontact with the external environment, have evolved to prevent theinvasion of unwanted airborne particles from entering the body. Airwaygeometry, humidity and clearance mechanisms contribute to thisfiltration process.

In view of the foregoing, it is believed that a need exists for avaporizer that provides an aerosol of the desired chemicals without theharmful byproducts that arise from smoldering. It is also believed thata need exists for a vaporizer that effectively and efficiently producesa vapor cloud that is not inhibited by the body's natural filtrationprocess. This and other needs are believed to be met by embodiments inaccordance with one or more aspects and features of the invention.

Furthermore, the invention also generally relates to apparatus, systems,formulations, and methods pertaining to liquids that are aerosolized andinhaled by persons using electronic devices, whether intended forpersonal or recreational use, or for the administration of medicines.

Inhalation delivery systems now play an increasing role in the targeteddelivery of active ingredients to the human pulmonary system. This istrue both for medical purposes, such as the targeted delivery ofanti-cancer medications to the lungs, as well as forrecreational/personal purposes, such as vaping, in which a liquid thatincludes the active ingredient is vaporized using heating so that theactive ingredient can be inhaled into the human body.

Unfortunately, as inhalation delivery systems using heating haveincreased in prominence, concerns about their short and long term safetyhave come into focus. This is particularly true for vaping where thereexist ongoing concerns about the possible presence of harmful andpotentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in the inhaled vapor. Moreover,inhalation delivery systems are often unable to provide the desiredeffect to a user. This may be attributable to the pre-vaporized liquidbecoming unstable over time or the active ingredient itself not beingproperly sized or dispersed for deposition in the alveolar lung.

Accordingly, a need exists for an active ingredient delivery system thatenhances the shelf-life of the pre-vaporized liquid component andenhances the efficacy of the desired treatment/effect, while avoidingthe presence of undesired HPHCs in the inhaled vapor. This, and otherneeds, are believed to also be addressed by one or more aspects andfeatures of the invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention includes many aspects and features. Moreover, while manyaspects and features relate to, and are described in, the context ofvaping, the invention is not limited to use only in such context.Indeed, depending on the context of use, the electronic device of theinvention may be considered a vaporizer and may be in the form of a vapepen or e-cigarette. Indeed, those who vape may come to refer toembodiments of the invention as a vape pen even though heat is notutilized to create the aerosol that is inhaled. In the delivery ofpharmaceuticals, patients may come to refer to embodiments of theinvention as a nebulizer even though a gas transport (e.g., compressedgas) is not utilized and even though the aerosol that is produced inaccordance with the invention may have a smaller particle size than themist produced by common nebulizers. Other separate and distinct contextsof use of embodiments of the invention may similarly result in differentnomenclature of the embodiments of the invention. Nonetheless, while theappearance and form factor of embodiments of the invention may varydepending on such contexts of use, the basic components and operationremain the same, except where otherwise described below.

Some embodiments in accordance with aspects and features of the presentinvention preferably utilize a bladder for supplying the liquid to themesh assembly, the piezoelectric material of which aerosolizes theliquid for inhalation by a person. The bladder may be used inreplacement of the “liquid container” of Applicant's '831, '732, and'755 applications, with the bladder preferably forming a part of adisposable cartridge. Additionally, the bladder preferably is formedfrom a self-healing material such as silicone and is filled with thefluid by injection. The injection process preferably occurs during themanufacture of the cartridge after the bladder has been formed andinstalled into the cartridge. the injection site of the bladderpreferably is the end of the bladder distally located to the port of themouthpiece through which the aerosol is inhaled. Alternatively, theinjection site of the bladder may be located to a side of the bladder.Various shapes and sizes of bladders are disclosed in the currentapplication, including collectively the drawings and the eDrawings andPDF files of the computer program listing, which is incorporated hereinby reference and which forms part of the disclosure of the presentapplication.

Aspects of the invention also comprises using an electronic device ofthe present invention to produce an aerosol for inhalation by a personusing such electronic device.

Additional features of the invention are set forth in any and eachincorporated application of Applicant, including any incorporated U.S.patent application publication thereof and any incorporated U.S. patentissuing therefrom.

In another aspect, a liquid-filled cartridge for use with an electronicdevice for delivery of a substance into a body through respirationcomprises: a liquid container; and (b) a liquid contained within thecontainer for aerosolizing and inhaling by a person using the electronicdevice, the liquid comprising a plurality of nanoparticles in ananoemulsion, each nanoparticle comprising an encapsulation of thesubstance to be delivered into the body through respiration.

In a feature, the liquid is an oil-in-water nanoemulsion.

In a feature, each nanoparticle is a micelle.

In a feature, each nanoparticle is a liposome.

In a feature, the substance is encapsulated by a polymer.

In a feature, the substance is encapsulated by a surfactant. Thesurfactant preferably comprises high purity polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonooleate.

In a feature, the encapsulated substance comprises tetrahydrocannabinol.

In a feature, the encapsulated substance comprises cannabidiol.

In a feature, the encapsulated substance comprises tetrahydrocannabinoland cannabidiol.

In a feature, the encapsulated substance comprises a pharmaceuticalcompound.

In a feature, the encapsulated substance comprises nicotine.

In a feature, wherein the nanoparticles are suspended within an aqueoussolution. The aqueous solution preferably comprises a saline; theaqueous solution preferably comprises sodium chloride; and, thenanoparticles preferably are suspended within an aqueous solution of0.9% sodium chloride.

In a feature, a pH of the liquid is between about 5.5 and about 8.

In a feature, wherein a pH of the liquid is between about 6.5.

In a feature, a molecular ratio of the encapsulated substance to anencapsulating agent of the nanoparticle between about 0.1:1 to about10:1.

In a feature, a polydispersity index measurement of the liquid is lessthan 0.3.

In a feature, the cartridge is a single-use, disposable cartridge.

In a feature, the cartridge is refillable.

In another aspect, a method of manufacturing cartridges for use with anelectronic device for delivery of a substance into a body throughrespiration comprises filling a liquid container of the cartridge with aliquid for aerosolizing and inhaling by a person using the electronicdevice, the liquid comprising a plurality of nanoparticles in ananoemulsion, each nanoparticle comprising an encapsulation of thesubstance to be delivered into the body through respiration.

In a feature, the method further comprises a preliminary step ofproducing the nanoemulsion by processing the substance to be deliveredtogether with the encapsulating agent using a microfluidizing machine.

In a feature, the method further comprises operating the microfluidizingmachine such that a temperature of the processing does not exceed 65° C.while producing the nanoemulsion.

In a feature, the method further comprises the step of adjusting pH ofthe nanoemulsion so as to be between about 5.5 and 8.

In a feature, the method further comprises the step of chemicallybonding the substance to be encapsulated with another molecule prior toprocessing the substance with the encapsulating agent using themicrofluidizing machine. The polydispersity index measurement of thenanoemulsion after processing using the microfluidizing machinepreferably is less than 0.3.

In another aspect, a method of manufacturing a liquid for aerosolizingand inhaling by a person using an electronic device for the delivery ofa substance to the body of the person through respiration, the methodcomprising producing a liquid comprising a plurality of nanoparticles ina nanoemulsion by processing the substance together with anencapsulating agent using a microfluidizing machine such that theplurality of nanoparticles of the liquid comprises the encapsulatedsubstance.

In a feature, the method further comprises operating the microfluidizingmachine such that a temperature of the processing does not exceed 65° C.while producing the liquid.

In a feature, the method further comprises adjusting pH of thenanoemulsion so as to be between about 5.5 and 8.

In a feature, the method further comprises the step of chemicallybonding the substance to be encapsulated with another molecule prior toprocessing the substance with the encapsulating agent using themicrofluidizing machine.

In a feature, a polydispersity index measurement of the nanoemulsionafter processing using the microfluidizing machine is less than 0.3.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a liquid formulation foraerosolization. The liquid formulation includes an aqueous solution, oneor more encapsulating agents, and an active ingredient.

In a feature of this aspect, the active ingredient is encapsulated byone or more encapsulating agents to form a nanoparticle. In anotherfeature of this aspect, the nanocarrier comprises a liposome. In stillanother feature of this aspect, the nanocarrier comprises a micelle.

In another feature of this aspect, the nanoparticles have an averagediameter of less than 1,000 nanometers.

In another feature of this aspect, the one or more encapsulating agentscomprise a polymer. In another feature of this aspect, the one or moreencapsulating agents comprise a surfactant. In still another feature ofthis aspect, the surfactant comprises a high purity polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate, such as “SUPER REFINED Polysorbate 80”.

In another feature of this aspect, the aqueous solution comprises asaline solution. In another feature of this aspect, the saline solutioncomprises a 0.9% saline solution.

In another feature of this aspect, the active ingredient comprisestetrahydrocannabinol. In another feature of this aspect, the activeingredient comprises cannabidiol. In another feature of this aspect, theactive ingredient comprises tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Inanother feature of this aspect, the active ingredient comprisesnicotine. In still another feature of this aspect, the active ingredientcomprises a pharmaceutical compound.

In another feature of this aspect, a ratio of the one or moreencapsulating agents to the active ingredient is between about 0.1:1 toabout 10:1.

In another feature of this aspect, a pH measurement of the liquidformulation is between about 5.5 and about 8. In another feature of thisaspect, a pH measurement of the liquid formulation is about 6.5.

In another feature of this aspect, a polydispersity index measurement ofthe liquid formulation is less than 0.3.

In another feature of this aspect, the active ingredient is chemicallybonded to another molecule.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of preparing aliquid formulation for aerosolization. The method comprises the steps ofmixing nanoparticles that include an active ingredient in a solution toform a liquid mixture and processing the liquid mixture with amicrofluidizer.

In a feature of this aspect, a temperature of the liquid mixture doesnot exceed 65° C. during the processing step.

In another feature of this aspect, the method further comprises the stepof adjusting the pH of the liquid mixture.

In another feature of this aspect, the method further comprises the stepof chemically bonding the active ingredient with another molecule.

In another feature of this aspect, nanoparticles of the microfluidizedliquid mixture have an average diameter less than 1,000 nanometers.

In another feature of this aspect, a polydispersity index measurement ofthe microfluidized liquid mixture is less than 0.3.

In another feature of this aspect, the solution comprises an aqueoussolution. In another feature of this aspect, the aqueous solutioncomprises a 0.9% saline solution.

In another feature of this aspect, the nanoparticles compriseencapsulated nanoparticles. In another feature of this aspect, theactive ingredient is contained within the encapsulated nanoparticles. Inanother feature of this aspect, the nanocarrier comprises a liposome. Instill another feature of this aspect, the nanocarrier comprises amicelle.

In another feature of this aspect, the active ingredient comprisestetrahydrocannabinol. In another feature of this aspect, the activeingredient comprises cannabidiol. In another feature of this aspect, theactive ingredient comprises tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Inanother feature of this aspect, the active ingredient comprisesnicotine. In still another feature of this aspect, the active ingredientcomprises a pharmaceutical compound.

In addition to the aforementioned aspects and features of the invention,it should be noted that the invention further encompasses the variouslogical combinations and subcombinations of such aspects and features.Thus, for example, claims in this or a divisional or continuing patentapplication or applications may be separately directed to any aspect,feature, or embodiment disclosed herein, or combination thereof, withoutrequiring any other aspect, feature, or embodiment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

One or more preferred embodiments of the invention now will be describedin detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein the sameelements are referred to with the same reference numerals.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of a vaporizer inaccordance with one or more aspect and features of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a partial view of the vaporizer of FIG. 1 showing in closeup acounter, battery indicator, and mouthpiece thereof.

FIG. 3 is another perspective view of the vaporizer of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is still yet another perspective view of the vaporizer of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the other side of the vaporizer seen inFIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of one of two opposite ends of thevaporizer of FIG. 1, which illustrated end comprises the mouthpiece ofthe vaporizer.

FIG. 7 is an exploded view of the vaporizer of FIG. 1. The bladder canbe seen illustrated in blue with the piezo mesh disk and electricalcontacts attached to form the mesh assembly. The mesh assembly isretained within a body of the cartridge, which cartridge is seen to havea perforated band in FIG. 7.

FIG. 8 is a vapor cloud that is produced by a push of the button of thevaporizer of FIG. 1, which vapor cloud preferably has a known quantityof the substance to be inhaled per push of the button/aerosolizing cycleof the vaporizer.

FIG. 9a is a solid, perspective view of an end of a second preferredembodiment of a vaporizer in accordance with one or more aspects andfeatures of the invention.

FIG. 9b is another solid, perspective view of the vaporizer of FIG. 9 a.

FIG. 9c is a solid, perspective view of an end of the vaporizer oppositeto the end shown in FIGS. 9a and 9 b.

FIG. 10a is a solid line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 9 a.

FIG. 10b is a solid line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 9 b.

FIG. 10c is a solid line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 9 c.

FIG. 11a is a line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 9 a.

FIG. 11b is a line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 9 b.

FIG. 11c is a line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 9 c.

FIG. 12a is a solid, perspective view of the opposite end of the secondpreferred embodiment, which end is the subject of focus in FIG. 9 c.

FIG. 12b is another solid, perspective view of the end of the vaporizerof FIG. 12 a.

FIG. 12c is another solid, perspective view of the end of the vaporizerof FIG. 12 a.

FIG. 13a is a solid line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 12 a.

FIG. 13b is a solid line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 12 b.

FIG. 13c is a solid line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 12 c.

FIG. 14a is a line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 12 a.

FIG. 14b is a line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 12 b.

FIG. 14c is a line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 12 c.

FIG. 15a is a solid, perspective view of a side of the vaporizer of FIG.12a , which side includes the button.

FIG. 15b is a solid, plan view of a top end of the vaporizer of FIG. 12a.

FIG. 15c is a solid, plan view of the bottom end of the vaporizer ofFIG. 12 a.

FIG. 16a is a solid line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 15 a.

FIG. 16b is a solid line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 15 b.

FIG. 16c is a solid line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 15 c.

FIG. 17a is a line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 15 a.

FIG. 17b is a line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 15 b.

FIG. 17c is a line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 15 c.

FIG. 18a is a solid perspective view of the vaporizer of FIG. 12 a.

FIG. 18b is another solid side view of the vaporizer of FIG. 12 a.

FIG. 19a is a solid line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 18 a.

FIG. 19b is a solid line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 18 b.

FIG. 20a is a line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 18 a.

FIG. 20b is a line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 18 b.

FIGS. 21a, 21b, and 21c illustrate filling of a bladder of the cartridgeafter the bladder has been installed in the cartridge by injecting fluiddirectly into the bladder using a needle.

FIGS. 21d, 21e, 21f, 21g, 21h, and 21i illustrate mounting of thecartridge to a base of the vaporizer of FIGS. 1-8.

FIG. 22 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of aself-healing, silicone bladder after injection molding thereof inaccordance with one or more aspects and features of the invention. Thebladder of FIG. 22 has a capacity of about 2.5 milliliters. In otherembodiments, the volume of the bladder is as much as 0.35 milliliters.

FIG. 23 is a partial perspective view of an end of a preferredembodiment of a vaporizer in accordance with one or more aspects andfeatures of the invention, which end comprises a mouthpiece of thevaporizer.

FIG. 24a is a view of the vaporizer as seen in FIG. 23 wherein themouthpiece has been removed to reveal a piezo mesh disk of FIG. 23. Asseen in FIG. 24a , the piezo mesh disk is received with a cartridgebody.

FIG. 24b is a transparent view of the vaporizer as seen in FIG. 24a ,which reveals a bladder and the mesh assembly including the piezo meshdisk contained within a cartridge body in accordance with one or moreaspects and features of the invention.

FIG. 25 is a perspective front view of the end of the vaporizer as seenin FIG. 24a , wherein the cartridge body and a main body casing havebeen removed to reveal the bladder secured to a mounting plate of thecartridge that, in turn, is secured to a main body chassis of thevaporizer.

FIG. 26 is another view of the vaporizer as seen in FIG. 24a , whereinthe piezo mesh disk has been removed to reveal a mouth of the bladder.

FIG. 27a is another view of the vaporizer as seen in FIG. 26, whereinjust the cartridge body and bladder are shown.

FIG. 27b is a bottom plan view of the cartridge as seen in FIG. 27 a.

FIG. 27c is a perspective view of the bladder of the cartridge of FIG.27a , which bladder is seen secured to the cartridge mounting plate.

FIG. 27d is a perspective view of just the cartridge mounting plate asseen in FIG. 27 c.

FIG. 28a is a perspective back view of the vaporizer as seen in FIG. 25.

FIG. 28b is an elevational front view of the vaporizer as seen in FIG.28 a.

FIG. 28c is an elevational first side view of the vaporizer as seen inFIG. 28 a.

FIG. 28d is an elevational back view of the vaporizer as seen in FIG. 28a.\

FIG. 28e is an elevational second side view of the vaporizer as seen inFIG. 28 a.

FIG. 29a is a bottom perspective view of the bladder and mesh assembly,the cartridge mounting plate, and magnets of the cartridge by which themounting plate is secured to the main body chassis.

FIG. 29b is a top perspective view of the bladder and mesh assembly, thecartridge mounting plate, and magnets of the cartridge seen in FIG. 29a.

FIG. 29c is a back perspective view of the bladder and the meshassembly, the cartridge mounting plate, and magnets of the cartridge ofFIG. 29 a.

FIG. 29d is a perspective elevational view of the bladder and the meshassembly, the cartridge mounting plate, and magnets of the cartridge ofFIG. 29 a.

FIG. 29e is another back perspective view of the bladder and the meshassembly, the cartridge mounting plate, and magnets of the cartridge ofFIG. 29 a.

FIG. 29f is a back elevational view of the bladder and the meshassembly, the cartridge mounting plate, and magnets of the cartridge ofFIG. 29 a.

FIG. 30a is a front perspective view of the bladder and the meshassembly of FIG. 29a without the cartridge mounting plate and magnets.

FIG. 30b is a bottom perspective view of the bladder and the meshassembly of FIG. 30 a.

FIG. 30c is a back perspective view of the bladder and the mesh assemblyof FIG. 30 a.

FIG. 30d is a back perspective view of the mesh assembly of FIG. 30awithout the bladder.

FIG. 30e is a back perspective view of the bladder of FIG. 30a withoutthe mesh assembly.

FIG. 30f is a bottom plan view of the bladder of FIG. 30 e.

FIG. 30g is a side elevational view of the bladder of FIG. 30 e.

FIG. 30h is a bottom perspective view of the bladder of FIG. 30 e.

FIG. 30i is a top plan view of the bladder of FIG. 30 a.

FIG. 31a is a bottom perspective view of an alternative bladder securedto the cartridge mounting plate of FIG. 29 a.

FIG. 31b is an exploded view of the alternative bladder and mountingplate of FIG. 31 a.

FIG. 31c is yet another alternative bladder secured to the cartridgemounting plate of FIG. 29a , which view is a shaded line drawing.

FIG. 31d is a solid view of the view of FIG. 31 c.

FIG. 32a is a top perspective view of another alternative bladder foruse with the cartridge mounting plate of FIG. 29 a.

FIG. 32b is a bottom perspective view of the bladder of FIG. 32 a.

FIG. 32c is a top perspective view of another alternative bladder foruse with the cartridge mounting plate of FIG. 29 a.

FIG. 32d is a bottom perspective view of the bladder of FIG. 32 c.

FIG. 32e is a top perspective view of another alternative bladder foruse with the cartridge mounting plate of FIG. 29 a.

FIG. 32f is a bottom perspective view of the bladder of FIG. 32 e.

FIG. 33a is a top plan view of another alternative bladder for use withthe cartridge mounting plate of FIG. 29 a.

FIG. 33b is a bottom perspective view of the bladder of FIG. 33 a.

FIG. 33c is a top plan view of another alternative bladder for use withthe cartridge mounting plate of FIG. 29 a.

FIG. 33d is a bottom perspective view of the bladder of FIG. 33 c.

FIG. 33e is a top plan view of another alternative bladder for use withthe cartridge mounting plate of FIG. 29 a.

FIG. 33f is an elevational side view of the bladder of FIG. 33 e.

FIG. 33g is a top plan view of another alternative bladder for use withthe cartridge mounting plate of FIG. 29 a.

FIG. 33h is a bottom perspective view of the bladder of FIG. 33 g.

FIG. 34a is a wire frame illustration of a vaporizer illustrating insolid view use of the bladder of FIG. 31 a.

FIG. 34b is a transparent, top perspective view of a cartridge bodyincluding mesh assembly illustrating in solid view use of the bladder ofFIG. 31 a.

FIG. 34c is a bottom perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 34 b.

FIG. 34d is a bottom perspective view of a cartridge illustrating insolid view use of the bladder of FIG. 31 c.

FIG. 34e is a top perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 34 d.

FIG. 35a is a perspective view of an alternative cartridge for use withthe vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view a piezoelectricmaterial, mesh material, bladder, and a mechanism for driving fluid fromthe bladder to the mesh material for aerosolizing.

FIG. 35b is a perspective view of the other side of the cartridge ofFIG. 35 a.

FIG. 35c is a side elevational view of the cartridge of FIG. 35 a.

FIG. 35d is a perspective view of an alternative cartridge for use withthe vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view a piezoelectricmaterial, mesh material, bladder, and a mechanism for driving fluid fromthe bladder to the mesh material for aerosolizing.

FIG. 35e is a view of the cartridge of FIG. 35d without the mechanism ofFIG. 35 d.

FIG. 35f is another view of the cartridge of FIG. 35e from a sideopposite to the side of the view of FIG. 35 e.

FIG. 36a is a top perspective view of an alternative cartridge for usewith the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view a piezoelectricmaterial, mesh material, bladder, and a mechanism for driving fluid fromthe bladder to the mesh material for aerosolizing.

FIG. 36b is a bottom perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 36 a.\

FIG. 36c is a top perspective view of an alternative cartridge for usewith the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view a piezoelectricmaterial, mesh material, bladder, and a mechanism for driving fluid fromthe bladder to the mesh material for aerosolizing.

FIG. 36d is a bottom perspective view of yet another alternativecartridge for use with the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solidview a piezoelectric material, mesh material, bladder, and a mechanismfor driving fluid from the bladder to the mesh material foraerosolizing.

FIG. 36e is a top perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 36d withoutthe mechanism of FIG. 36 d.

FIG. 36f is a top perspective view of yet another alternative cartridgefor use with the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view apiezoelectric material, mesh material, bladder, and a mechanism fordriving fluid from the bladder to the mesh material for aerosolizing.

FIG. 37a is an elevational view of an alternative cartridge for use withthe vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view a bladder thereof.

FIG. 37b is a top perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 37 a.

FIG. 37c is a bottom perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 37 a.

FIG. 37d is a bottom perspective view of yet another alternativecartridge for use with the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solidview a bladder thereof which is similar to the bladder of FIG. 37a , butwhich includes a radial arm for side filling of liquid throughinjection.

FIG. 37e is a top perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 37 d.\

FIG. 38a is top perspective view of an alternative cartridge for usewith the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view a piezoelectricmaterial, mesh material, and bladder thereof.

FIG. 38b is a bottom perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 38 a.

FIG. 38c is top perspective view of yet another alternative cartridgefor use with the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view apiezoelectric material, mesh material, and bladder thereof.

FIG. 38d is another top perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 38 c.

FIG. 38e is a bottom perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 38 c.

FIG. 39a is a top perspective view of an alternative cartridge for usewith the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view piezoelectricmaterials, mesh material, and bladder thereof.

FIG. 39b is a bottom perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 39 a.

FIG. 40a is a top perspective view of an alternative cartridge for usewith the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view a piezoelectricmaterial, mesh material, bladder, and foam inserts.

FIG. 40b is a bottom perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 40 a.

FIG. 41 additionally sets forth other potential means for causing theliquid to contact the mesh material, which are shown in contrast togravity fed systems.

FIG. 42 additionally illustrates four additional low pressure bladderconcepts that are contemplated for use in some preferred embodiments ofthe invention.

FIG. 43 is a schematic diagram of an active ingredient pulmonarydelivery nanoparticle in the form of a micelle in accordance with one ormore aspects of the invention;

FIG. 44 is a schematic diagram of an active ingredient pulmonarydelivery nanoparticle in the form of a liposome carrying an activeingredient within a bilayer in accordance with one or more aspects ofthe invention; and

FIG. 45 is a schematic diagram of an active ingredient pulmonarydelivery nanoparticle in the form of a liposome carrying an activeingredient in a hydrophilic core in accordance with one or more aspectsof the invention.

Additional views of many of these cartridges and bladders, andalternative thereof, are disclosed in files of the computer programlisting incorporated herein by reference. These files presentthree-dimensional interactive views using an eDrawing viewer and anAcrobat viewer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As a preliminary matter, it will readily be understood by one havingordinary skill in the relevant art (“Ordinary Artisan”) that theinvention has broad utility and application. Furthermore, any embodimentdiscussed and identified as being “preferred” is considered to be partof a best mode contemplated for carrying out the invention. Otherembodiments also may be discussed for additional illustrative purposesin providing a full and enabling disclosure of the invention.Furthermore, an embodiment of the invention may incorporate only one ora plurality of the aspects of the invention disclosed herein; only oneor a plurality of the features disclosed herein; or combination thereof.As such, many embodiments are implicitly disclosed herein and fallwithin the scope of what is regarded as the invention.

Accordingly, while the invention is described herein in detail inrelation to one or more embodiments, it is to be understood that thisdisclosure is illustrative and exemplary of the invention and is mademerely for the purposes of providing a full and enabling disclosure ofthe invention. The detailed disclosure herein of one or more embodimentsis not intended, nor is to be construed, to limit the scope of patentprotection afforded the invention in any claim of a patent issuing herefrom, which scope is to be defined by the claims and the equivalentsthereof. It is not intended that the scope of patent protection affordedthe invention be defined by reading into any claim a limitation foundherein that does not explicitly appear in the claim itself.

Thus, for example, any sequence(s) and/or temporal order of steps ofvarious processes or methods that are described herein are illustrativeand not restrictive. Accordingly, it should be understood that, althoughsteps of various processes or methods may be shown and described asbeing in a sequence or temporal order, the steps of any such processesor methods are not limited to being carried out in any particularsequence or order, absent an indication otherwise. Indeed, the steps insuch processes or methods generally may be carried out in variousdifferent sequences and orders while still falling within the scope ofthe invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the scope of patentprotection afforded the invention be defined by the issued claim(s)rather than the description set forth herein.

Additionally, it is important to note that each term used herein refersto that which the Ordinary Artisan would understand such term to meanbased on the contextual use of such term herein. To the extent that themeaning of a term used herein—as understood by the Ordinary Artisanbased on the contextual use of such term—differs in any way from anyparticular dictionary definition of such term, it is intended that themeaning of the term as understood by the Ordinary Artisan shouldprevail.

With regard to the construction of the scope of any claim in the UnitedStates, no claim element is to be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. 112(f)unless the explicit phrase “means for” or “step for” is actually used insuch claim element, whereupon this statutory provision is intended toand should apply in the interpretation of such claim element. Withregard to any method claim including a condition precedent step, suchmethod requires the condition precedent to be met and the step to beperformed at least once but not necessarily every time duringperformance of the claimed method.

Furthermore, it is important to note that, as used herein, “comprising”is open-ended insofar as that which follows such term is not exclusive.Additionally, “a” and “an” each generally denotes “at least one” butdoes not exclude a plurality unless the contextual use dictatesotherwise. Thus, reference to “a picnic basket having an apple” is thesame as “a picnic basket comprising an apple” and “a picnic basketincluding an apple”, each of which identically describes “a picnicbasket having at least one apple” as well as “a picnic basket havingapples”; the picnic basket further may contain one or more other itemsbeside an apple. In contrast, reference to “a picnic basket having asingle apple” describes “a picnic basket having only one apple”; thepicnic basket further may contain one or more other items beside anapple. In contrast, “a picnic basket consisting of an apple” has only asingle item contained therein, i.e., one apple; the picnic basketcontains no other item.

When used herein to join a list of items, “or” denotes “at least one ofthe items” but does not exclude a plurality of items of the list. Thus,reference to “a picnic basket having cheese or crackers” describes “apicnic basket having cheese without crackers”, “a picnic basket havingcrackers without cheese”, and “a picnic basket having both cheese andcrackers”; the picnic basket further may contain one or more other itemsbeside cheese and crackers.

When used herein to join a list of items, “and” denotes “all of theitems of the list”. Thus, reference to “a picnic basket having cheeseand crackers” describes “a picnic basket having cheese, wherein thepicnic basket further has crackers”, as well as describes “a picnicbasket having crackers, wherein the picnic basket further has cheese”;the picnic basket further may contain one or more other items besidecheese and crackers.

The phrase “at least one” followed by a list of items joined by “and”denotes an item of the list but does not require every item of the list.Thus, “at least one of an apple and an orange” encompasses the followingmutually exclusive scenarios: there is an apple but no orange; there isan orange but no apple; and there is both an apple and an orange. Inthese scenarios if there is an apple, there may be more than one apple,and if there is an orange, there may be more than one orange. Moreover,the phrase “one or more” followed by a list of items joined by “and” isthe equivalent of “at least one” followed by the list of items joined by“and”.

Additionally, as used herein unless context dictates otherwise, thefollowing terms have the following meanings.

“Liquid” means a substance that flows freely but is of constant volume,generally having a consistency like that of water (lower viscosity) oroil (higher viscosity). Liquid is generic to and encompasses a solution,a suspension, and an emulsion.

“Solution” means a homogeneous mixture of two or more components. Thedissolving agent is the solvent. The substance that is dissolved is thesolute. The components of a solution are atoms, ions, or molecules, andthe components are usually a nanometer or less in any dimension. Anexample of a solution is sugar mixed with water.

“Suspension” means a mixture of components that can be evenlydistributed by mechanical methods such as shaking or stirring, but thatwill eventually settle out over an extended period of time. Thecomponents in a suspension are generally larger than those in solutions.An example of a suspension is oil mixed with water.

“Colloidal dispersion” means a heterogenous liquid mixture in which acomponent is dispersed in another component and does not tend to settleout over an extended period of time. The dispersed components generallyis larger than components of a solution and smaller than components of asuspension.

“Aerosol” means a colloidal dispersion of a solid or liquid in a gas.

“Emulsion” means a colloidal dispersion of a liquid in a liquid. Anexample of an emulsion is milk.

“Nanoemulsion” means an emulsion in which the dispersed componentcomprises nanoparticles.

“Nanoparticle” means a molecule has—or aggregate of moleculeshave—having no dimension greater than about a micrometer (1,000nanometers). In accordance with preferred embodiments of aspects andfeatures of the invention, nanoparticles preferably have a dimension ofbetween about 50 and about 200 nanometers.

“Micelle” means a vesicle having a layer of molecules that encapsulateand transport a substance to cells of a body. The encapsulatingmolecules in a micelle may be surfactants or polymers, for example. Atypical micelle in an aqueous solution forms an aggregate with thehydrophilic “head” regions in contact with the surrounding solvent,creating a hydrophobic tail region in the interior of the aggregate.

“Liposome” means a vesicle having at least one bilayer of molecules thatencapsulates and transports a substance to cells of a body.

“Microfluidizing machine” means an apparatus that uses microreactortechnology to make nanoemulsions through the interaction of liquidstreams in defined microchannels. Such technology is described, forexample, in U.S. patent application publications 2012/0236680 and2019/0299171, each incorporated herein by reference. Microfluidizingmachines principally utilize high shear forces and impact to emulsify aliquid-liquid system, dispersing one immiscible liquid into anotherwithin an interaction chamber. A “Y” chamber preferably is used and maybe single-slotted or multi-slotted. Fundamentally, such microreactortechnology comprises a large pump that forces a formulation through avery small orifice (i.e., microchannel) at pressures ranging from as lowas 3.4 MPa (500 psi) to as high as 275 MPa (40,000 psi). Preferredmicrofluidizing machines correspond to the processors manufactured,sold, or distributed by Mircofluidics of Newton or Westwood, Mass.,under the registered trademark MICROFLUIDIZER, and any and all otherapparatus that have the same or equivalent structure for performing thesame or equivalent function with the same or equivalent result. Theappendix includes a user guide from 2014 for MICROFLUIDIZER processorsdistributed by Microfluidics, which appendix is incorporated herein byreference.

Referring now to the drawings, as well as to the drawings of theincorporated disclosures of Applicant's other applications, and any U.S.patent application publications thereof and U.S. patents issuingtherefrom, one or more preferred embodiments in accordance with one ormore aspects and features of the invention are next described. Thefollowing description of one or more preferred embodiments is merelyexemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention,its implementations, or uses.

In accordance with electronic devices of the invention, a vibrating meshis provided for aerosolizing a liquid without smoldering. Theaerosolized liquid preferably is in the form of a vapor cloud similar towhat a person or observer would surmise to be “vapor” when vaping. Inthe context of vaping, such preferred devices of the invention thereforeare believed to produce an aerosol that is carcinogen free. This is instark contrast to vaporizers used today to aerosolize e-liquids byheating the e-liquids and desired compounds contained therein (e.g.,nicotine) or supplements such as B12, THC/CBD and other drugs orstimulants. As a result of using heating to aerosolize the e-liquids,these vaporizers produce toxic byproducts like formaldehyde, arecognized Group 1 carcinogen for caner, which toxic byproducts then areunfortunately inhaled by a person using the vaporizer. For example, whenthe liquids are heated, the liquids undergo a thermochemical reactionproducing unwanted emissions. The unwanted emissions of the toxicbyproducts may cause bodily harm from extended inhalation exposure.

By utilizing a vibrating mesh, preferred electronic devices inaccordance with one or more aspects and features of the inventionproduce an aerosol without using heat and thus advantageously avoid suchtoxic byproducts created by the vaporizes currently on the market. Theelectronic devices thereby advantageously produce a carcinogen freeaerosol free of harmful emission byproducts.

One of the primary performance metrics evaluated for aerosols is theresidual aerodynamic particle size distribution (“APSD”) of theaerosolized drug product. The residual APSD is characterized by theresidual mass median aerodynamic diameter (“MMAD”) and the geometricstandard deviation (“GSD”). The MMAD signifies the aerodynamic diameterat which half of the aerosolized drug mass lies below the stateddiameter.

The MMADR=MMDI×pI×CNV⅓×pR ⅙, where MMADR (μm) 1 s the mass medianaerodynamic diameter of the residual particles, MMDI (μm) is the massmedian diameter (MMD) of the initial droplets, CNV (weight fraction) isthe concentration of the non-volatile components (e.g., dissolved drugand excipients) in the formulation, and pI and pR are the densities(g/cm3) of the formulation and the residual particles, respectively.

The vibrating mesh may be configured and arranged to produce an aerosolfor various applications. For example, the arrangement and geometry ofvarious features of the vibrating mesh, such as the design of thevibrating mesh and more specifically the design of the aperture holes ofthe vibrating mesh, may be adapted to produce an aerosol with variousparticle sizes, flow properties, and fine particle fractions. The size(e.g., diameter), shape (e.g., oval, circular, triangular, etc.),spacing (e.g., distance between aperture holes, aperture hole density),etc. of the aperture holes may be configured and modified to adjust thesize of the aerosol particles for specific applications. Additionally,the thickness of the mesh, especially when in the form of a plate, mayalso be configured to optimize aerosol properties. For example, thethickness of the plate may impart different properties andcharacteristics to the aerosol. Depending on the thickness of the plate,the holes may taper with a chamfer such that the entrance and/or exitdiameter is larger than the bore diameter of the aperture hole. Inanother example, the aperture holes may have a constant diameter withouta taper.

In another example, the rigidity of the mesh assembly may be configuredto prevent oscillations of varying amplitude across the surface of themesh, which could result in inconsistent aerosolization performance. Forexample, the thickness, geometry, and material selection for thevibrating mesh material may enhance the rigidity to prevent unwantedoscillations thereof. In some embodiments, the mesh material may beconstructed from a metal alloy, to provide adequate rigidity, mass,durability and inert chemical properties for the aerosolization ofdifferent drug formulations. Indeed, the design and dimensions of themesh material may be selected to optimize the device based on theintended application or use case. For example, the vibrating mesh may beconfigured to adjust the MMADR, fine particle fraction, air/particlevelocity, etc. Additionally, the mesh material may also determine theresulting particle properties such as volume diameter, bulk density, tapdensity, shape, charge, etc.

In addition to the mechanical aspects of the mesh material and itsoperation, it is believed that the material substrate from which themesh is constructed and the way in which the holes are generated haveimportant implications for the aerosolization of different drugformulations. In some embodiments, the aperture holes may be electroformed or laser formed. It should be appreciated that othermanufacturing methods may be used to form the aperture holes. Examplemethods for mesh production include electroplating and laser cutting,which may be used to produce a tapered hole. A tapered hole may optimizemesh performance by amplifying flow at the nozzle while reducing viscoselosses. The electroplating method makes use of a lithographic plate andthe eventual size of the mesh holes may be determined by the duration ofthe electroplating process. The holes become smaller as the metal isdeposited on the edge of the hole over time. Laser cutting involves theuse of a laser beam to cut the mesh holes into a thin sheet of metal orpolymer material. Laser cutting metal may result in molten materialbeing deposited around the hole, which may be removed by polishing.

In some embodiments, the liquid delivery system may be adapted for aspecific liquid. For example, viscosity may be a controlling variable inthe size of the aperture holes of the vibrating mesh. Some preferredliquids comprise nicotine, which is less viscous than a cannabinoidderivative (e.g., tetrahydrocannabinol (“THC”) and cannabidiol (“CBD”)),which has a higher viscosity. Other considerations may include watersolubility, surface tension, acidity and/or basicity, and whether theliquid contains a liquid carrier. Some preferred liquids indeed compriseliquid carriers and, in particular, liposomal carriers. Various liquidsand formulations may be used to form aerosols from electronic devices ofthe invention. These formulations may have widely differentphysiochemical properties, such as surface tension, density, viscosity,characteristics of intramolecular forces within the formulation andwhether the formulation is a pure liquid or a suspension of particleswithin a liquid. Each of the above-mentioned physiochemical propertiesmay affect the functionality, consistency, efficacy, and end propertiesof the resulting aerosol or vapor cloud.

The liquid delivery system also may be designed to provide differentflow rates. For example, the pump may be an active pump or a passivepump. Additionally, in some preferred embodiments the output rate,pressure supplied by the pump, or both, may be adjusted to providedifferent flow rates.

In some embodiments, the geometry of the mesh may be the form of adome-like structure. In some embodiments, the mesh may be flat and maybe in the form of a plate. Other orientations and geometries also arecontemplated within the scope of the invention.

Additionally, in electronic devices of the invention, the vibrating meshassembly may include a single layer oscillating piezoelectric materialto aerosolize the liquid. In an example, the mesh assembly may have adouble or multi-layer structure, and multiple mesh membranes may bearranged to induce an optimum MMAD and/or APSD for the aerosolizedliquid. A plurality of vibrating meshes also may be used in the meshassembly in some embodiments; FIG. 22 for example illustrates a meshassembly that includes two separate vibrating meshes spaced apart fromone another.

Additionally, the mesh assembly may be constructed from one or moredifferent piezoelectric materials to optimize the MMAD and/or APSD.

Additionally, the arrangement and design of the mesh assembly (e.g.,placement of the holes, angstrom size) and hygroscopic effects of thelungs may be considered for optimum deposition and diffusion into thebloodstream.

In some embodiments, the electronic device is configured to create afine particle low velocity aerosol. The resulting aerosol or vapor cloudmay be configured to reduce or soften the potential irritation of theairways and lungs. In some embodiments, the encapsulation techniques maycreate the ideal person experience. As mentioned above, the lungs haveclearance mechanisms to prevent invasion of unwanted airborne particlesfrom entering the body. To ensure that the fine particle, low velocityaerosol that achieves central and deep lung deposition, the electronicdevice and/or formulation may be adapted such that an aerosol isproduced that eludes the lung's various lines of defense.

For example, progressive branching and narrowing of the airwaysencourage impaction of particles. Larger the particle sizes, greatervelocities of incoming air, and more abrupt bend angles of bifurcationsand the smaller the airway radius increase the probability of depositionby impaction. In essence, the end person may sense/feel more or lessimpaction based on the above parameters.

Additionally, the lung has a relative humidity of approximately 99.5%.The addition and removal of water can significantly affect the particlesize of a hygroscopic aerosol and thus deposition itself. Drug particlesare known to be hygroscopic and grow or shrink in size in high humidity,such as in the lung. A hygroscopic aerosol that is delivered atrelatively low temperature and humidity into one of high humidity andtemperature may increase in size when inhaled into the lung. Forexample, the rate of growth may be a function of the initial diameter ofthe particle. As it relates to size and diameter, particles may bedeposited by inertial impaction, gravitational sedimentation ordiffusion (Brownian motion) depending on their size. While depositionoccurs throughout the airways, inertial impaction usually occurs in thefirst ten generations of the lung, where air velocity is high andairflow is turbulent.

In the therapeutic/medical environment, most particles larger than 10micrometers are deposited in the oropharyngeal region with a largeamount impacting on the larynx, particularly when the drug is inhaledfrom devices requiring a high inspiratory flow rate (e.g., as with drypowder inhalers (“DPIs”)) or when the drug is dispensed from a device ata high forward velocity. The large particles are subsequently swallowedand contribute minimally, if at all, to the therapeutic response. In thetracheobronchial region, inertial impaction may also play a significantrole in the deposition of particles, particularly at bends and airwaybifurcations. Deposition by gravitational sedimentation may typicallypredominate in the last five to six generations of airways (smallerbronchi and bronchioles), where air velocity is low. Due to the lowvelocity, large volume aerosol that is produced in accordance withpreferred embodiments of the invention, the aerosol may be lessirritating to a person.

In the alveolar region, air velocity is typically negligible, and thusthe contribution to deposition by inertial impaction is typicallynonexistent. Particles in this region may have a longer residence timeand may be deposited by both sedimentation and diffusion. Particles notdeposited during inhalation may be exhaled. Deposition due tosedimentation affects particles down to 0.5 micrometers in diameter,whereas below 0.5 micrometers, the main mechanism for deposition is bydiffusion.

Targeting the aerosol to conducting or peripheral airways may beaccomplished by altering the particle size of the aerosol and/or theinspiratory flow rate. For example, aerosols with a MMAD ofapproximately 5 micrometers to 10 micrometers may be deposited in thelarge conducting airways and oropharyngeal region. Particles rangingfrom approximately 1 micrometer to 5 micrometers in diameter may bedeposited in the small airways and alveoli with more than 50% of theparticles having a diameter of three micrometers being deposited in thealveolar region.

In some embodiments, the electronic device includes a piezoelectriccrystal that vibrates at a high frequency when electrical current isapplied. In some embodiments, the vibration may be in the range of 0.5to 5.0 MHz. and more specifically within the range of 1.2 to 2.4 MHz.The vibration of the crystal is transmitted to a transducer horn that isin contact with the liquid to be aerosolized. Vibrations transmitted bythe transducer horn cause upward and downward movement of a mesh in theform, for example, of a plate, and the liquid passes through theapertures in the mesh plate to form an aerosol. In some embodiments, themesh plate consists of a plurality of tapered holes (e.g., 500 holes;1,000 holes; 6,000 holes). Each tapered hole may have a diameter ofapproximately 3 micrometers. In other examples, larger or smallerdiameters may be appropriate for different liquids or applications. Theaperture holes advantageously amplify the vibration of the transducerhorn throughout the liquid and reduce the amount of power required togenerate the aerosol. For example, using a low frequency of vibrationwith a mesh plate containing numerous minute holes allows efficientgeneration of a fine particle mist.

In some embodiments, aqueous liquids may be more suitable to generatingan aerosol with electronic devices of the invention when compared toother more viscous liquids. In some embodiments, the aqueous liquids mayinclude ethanol, which itself may be a primary liquid carrier of theliquid.

Additionally, in some preferred embodiments ultrasonicated a liposomalnanoemulsions comprises the liquid carrier of the liquid deliverysystem. Nanoemulsions may be sonicated where liposomes work as carriersfor active agents. In some embodiments, liposomes may be prepared andformed (e.g., by ultrasound) for the entrapment of active agents. Insome instances, emulsifiers are added to the liposomal dispersions tostabilize higher amounts of lipids; however, additional emulsifiers maycause a weakening on the barrier affinity of a liquid (e.g.,phosphatidylcholine). Nanoparticles (e.g., nanoparticles composed ofphosphatidylcholine and lipids) preferably are used to solve this. Thus,in some embodiments, nanoparticles are used that preferably are formedby an oil droplet that is covered by a monolayer of phosphatidylcholine.It is believed that the use of nanoparticles allows formulations whichare capable of absorbing more lipids and which remain stable wherebyadditional emulsifiers may not be needed.

As discussed above, ultrasonication is a method for the production ofnanoemulsions and nanodispersions. In some embodiments, an intensiveultrasound supplies the power needed to disperse a liquid phase(dispersed phase) in small droplets in a second phase (continuousphase). In the dispersing zone, imploding cavitation bubbles causeintensive shock waves in the surrounding liquid and result in theformation of liquid jets of high liquid velocity. In order to stabilizethe newly formed droplets of the disperse phase against coalescence,emulsifiers (surface active substances, surfactants) and stabilizers areadded to the emulsion. As coalescence of the droplets after disruptioninfluences the final droplet size distribution, efficiently stabilizingemulsifiers may be used to maintain the final droplet size distributionat a level that is equal to the distribution immediately after thedroplet disruption in the ultrasonic dispersing zone.

Some liposomal dispersions (e.g., those based on unsaturatedphosphatidylcholine) may lack in stability against oxidation. Thestabilization of the dispersion can be achieved by antioxidants, such asby a complex of vitamins C and E. For example, the entrapment of theessential oil in liposomes may increase the oil stability.

In some embodiments, the vibrating mesh is configured to create a fineparticle low velocity aerosol which is well suited for central and deeplung deposition. By producing a fine particle, low velocity aerosol, oneor more preferred electronic devices of the invention advantageously canproduce an aerosol that is adapted to target small airways in themanagement of asthma and COPD.

Additionally, some embodiments, a pump system is utilized to pump orpush the liquid to be aerosolized into contact with the vibrating meshwhereby droplets of the liquid are created on the other side of thevibrating mesh on the order of 1 to 4 microns. While it is contemplatedthat a capillary pump may be used (wherein the liquid is drawn intocontact with the mesh material through capillary action), electronicdevices of the invention also may preferably comprise a pump system thatis powered by an electrical power source of the device, such asbatteries and, preferably, rechargeable batteries. Such a pump systempreferably comprises a piezoelectric motor. In some embodiments,however, an active pump system is not used, and the liquid may begravity-fed to a vibrating mesh or other vibrating structure. Thus, agravitational pump may be used in such embodiments. This is particularlycontemplated when an electronic device of the invention is used in agenerally upright position as a nebulizer for drug delivery. In mostpreferred embodiments, however, the electronic device isorientation-agnostic and generally works as intended in any orientationrelative to the directional forces of gravity.

Turning now to the drawings, FIGS. 1-8, a preferred embodiment of anelectronic device in the form of a “vaporizer” is illustrated inaccordance with one or more aspect and features of the invention. Otherforms of an electronic device in accordance with the present includevapes, vape pens, and nebulizers. Other terminology may be given toelectronic devices of the present invention. In any event, electronicdevices of the present invention produce an aerosol for inhalationwhatever commercial or consumer name may be given.

Specifically, FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment ofa vaporizer 10 in accordance with one or more aspect and features of theinvention; FIG. 2 is a partial view of the vaporizer 10 of FIG. 1showing in closeup a counter, battery indicator, and mouthpiece thereof;FIG. 3 is another perspective view of the vaporizer 10 of FIG. 1; FIG. 4is still yet another perspective view of the vaporizer 10 of FIG. 1;FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the other side of the vaporizer 10 seenin FIG. 1; FIG. 6 is a perspective view of one of two opposite ends ofthe vaporizer 10 of FIG. 1, which illustrated end comprises themouthpiece 12 of the vaporizer; and FIG. 7 is an exploded view of thevaporizer 10 of FIG. 1. The bladder 14 can be seen illustrated in bluewith the piezo mesh disk 16 and electrical contacts 18 attached to formthe mesh assembly 20. The mesh assembly is retained within a body of thecartridge 22, which cartridge is seen to have a perforated band in FIG.7.

Furthermore, FIG. 8 is a vapor cloud that is produced by a push of thebutton of the vaporizer 10 of FIG. 1, which vapor cloud preferably has aknown quantity of the substance to be inhaled per push of thebutton/aerosolizing cycle of the vaporizer.

Another preferred embodiment of an electronic device in the form of avaporizer 30 is illustrated in FIGS. 9a-20b . Specifically, FIG. 9a is asolid, perspective view of an end of a second preferred embodiment of avaporizer in accordance with one or more aspects and features of theinvention; FIG. 9b is another solid, perspective view of the vaporizerof FIG. 9a ; FIG. 9c is a solid, perspective view of an end of thevaporizer opposite to the end shown in FIGS. 9a and 9b ; FIG. 10a is asolid line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 9a ; FIG. 10b is a solidline drawing of the view seen in FIG. 9b ; FIG. 10c is a solid linedrawing of the view seen in FIG. 9c ; FIG. 11a is a line drawing of theview seen in FIG. 9a ; FIG. 11b is a line drawing of the view seen inFIG. 9b ; FIG. 11c is a line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 9c ; FIG.12a is a solid, perspective view of the opposite end of the secondpreferred embodiment, which end is the subject of focus in FIG. 9c ;FIG. 12b is another solid, perspective view of the end of the vaporizerof FIG. 12a ; FIG. 12c is another solid, perspective view of the end ofthe vaporizer of FIG. 12a ; FIG. 13a is a solid line drawing of the viewseen in FIG. 12a ; FIG. 13b is a solid line drawing of the view seen inFIG. 12b ; FIG. 13c is a solid line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 12c; FIG. 14a is a line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 12a ; FIG. 14b isa line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 12b ; FIG. 14c is a line drawingof the view seen in FIG. 12c ; FIG. 15a is a solid, perspective view ofa side of the vaporizer of FIG. 12a , which side includes the button;FIG. 15b is a solid, plan view of a top end of the vaporizer of FIG. 12a; FIG. 15c is a solid, plan view of the bottom end of the vaporizer ofFIG. 12a ; FIG. 16a is a solid line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 15a; FIG. 16b is a solid line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 15b ; FIG.16c is a solid line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 15c ; FIG. 17a is aline drawing of the view seen in FIG. 15a ; FIG. 17b is a line drawingof the view seen in FIG. 15b ; FIG. 17c is a line drawing of the viewseen in FIG. 15c ; FIG. 18a is a solid perspective view of the vaporizerof FIG. 12a ; FIG. 18b is another solid side view of the vaporizer ofFIG. 12a ; FIG. 19a is a solid line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 18a; FIG. 19b is a solid line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 18b ; FIG.20a is a line drawing of the view seen in FIG. 18a ; and FIG. 20b is aline drawing of the view seen in FIG. 18 b.

FIGS. 21a-21c collectively illustrate filling of a bladder 32 of thecartridge after the bladder has been installed in the cartridge byinjecting fluid directly into the bladder using a needle 34 of aninjector 36. Thereafter, the cartridge is secured to the main bodychassis 38 of the vaporizer, as illustrated in FIGS. 21d-21i . This maybe accomplished by an end-user when replacing a depleted cartridge witha new cartridge included in a pack of disposable cartridges purchased bythe user, or during assembly of a vaporizer for sale to a user duringmanufacture and assembly of the vaporizer. The injection site whenfilling the bladder preferably is at a distal end of the bladderrelative to a mouth of the bladder where a liquid is maintained incontact with the mesh material; however, alternative injection sites arecontemplated. Indeed, the bladder of FIGS. 37d and 37e illustrates aradial arm by which the bladder is filled from a side of the bladderrather than bottom of the bladder.

FIGS. 21d-21i collectively illustrate mounting of the cartridge to abase of the vaporizer of FIGS. 1-8.

FIG. 22 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of aself-healing, silicone bladder 40 after injection molding thereof inaccordance with one or more aspects and features of the invention. Thebladder of FIG. 22 has a capacity of about 2.5 milliliters. In otherembodiments, the volume of the bladder is as much as 0.35 milliliters.

A third preferred embodiment of an electronic device in the form of avaporizer 42 is illustrated in FIGS. 23-30 i. In particular, FIG. 23 isa partial perspective view of an end of a preferred embodiment of avaporizer in accordance with one or more aspects and features of theinvention, which end comprises a mouthpiece 44 of the vaporizer; FIG.24a is a view of the vaporizer as seen in FIG. 23 wherein the mouthpiecehas been removed to reveal a piezo mesh disk 46. As seen in FIG. 24a ,the piezo mesh disk is received with a cartridge body 48; FIG. 24b is atransparent view of the vaporizer as seen in FIG. 24a , which reveals abladder 50 and the mesh assembly including the piezo mesh disk containedwithin the cartridge body in accordance with one or more aspects andfeatures of the invention; FIG. 25 is a perspective front view of theend of the vaporizer as seen in FIG. 24a , wherein the cartridge bodyand a main body casing have been removed to reveal the bladder securedto a mounting plate of the cartridge that, in turn, is secured to a mainbody chassis of the vaporizer. An LED panel secured to the main bodychassis of the vaporizer also is revealed in FIG. 25. The main bodycasing preferably is translucent, at least in the area covering andextending over the LED panel, whereby lighting from the LED panel passesthrough the main body casing for reading of the LED display but wherebythe LED panel itself is otherwise concealed and hidden from sight, asrepresented for example in FIG. 3; FIG. 26 is another view of thevaporizer as seen in FIG. 24a , wherein the piezo mesh disk has beenremoved to reveal a mouth of the bladder; FIG. 27a is another view ofthe vaporizer as seen in FIG. 26, wherein just the cartridge body andbladder are shown; FIG. 27b is a bottom plan view of the cartridge asseen in FIG. 27a ; FIG. 27c is a perspective view of the bladder of thecartridge of FIG. 27a , which bladder is seen secured to the cartridgemounting plate; FIG. 27d is a perspective view of just the cartridgemounting plate as seen in FIG. 27c ; FIG. 28a is a perspective back viewof the vaporizer as seen in FIG. 25; FIG. 28b is an elevational frontview of the vaporizer as seen in FIG. 28a ; FIG. 28c is an elevationalfirst side view of the vaporizer as seen in FIG. 28a ; FIG. 28d is anelevational back view of the vaporizer as seen in FIG. 28a ; FIG. 28e isan elevational second side view of the vaporizer as seen in FIG. 28a ;FIG. 29a is a bottom perspective view of the bladder and mesh assembly,the cartridge mounting plate, and magnets of the cartridge by which themounting plate is secured to the main body chassis; FIG. 29b is a topperspective view of the bladder and mesh assembly, the cartridgemounting plate, and magnets of the cartridge seen in FIG. 29a ; FIG. 29cis a back perspective view of the bladder and the mesh assembly, thecartridge mounting plate, and magnets of the cartridge of FIG. 29a ;FIG. 29d is a perspective elevational view of the bladder and the meshassembly, the cartridge mounting plate, and magnets of the cartridge ofFIG. 29a ; FIG. 29e is another back perspective view of the bladder andthe mesh assembly, the cartridge mounting plate, and magnets of thecartridge of FIG. 29a ; FIG. 29f is a back elevational view of thebladder and the mesh assembly, the cartridge mounting plate, and magnetsof the cartridge of FIG. 29a ; FIG. 30a is a front perspective view ofthe bladder and the mesh assembly of FIG. 29a without the cartridgemounting plate and magnets; FIG. 30b is a bottom perspective view of thebladder and the mesh assembly of FIG. 30a ; FIG. 30c is a backperspective view of the bladder and the mesh assembly of FIG. 30a ; FIG.30d is a back perspective view of the mesh assembly of FIG. 30a withoutthe bladder; FIG. 30e is a back perspective view of the bladder of FIG.30a without the mesh assembly; FIG. 30f is a bottom plan view of thebladder of FIG. 30e ; FIG. 30g is a side elevational view of the bladderof FIG. 30e ; FIG. 30h is a bottom perspective view of the bladder ofFIG. 30e ; and FIG. 30i is a top plan view of the bladder of FIG. 30 a.

Other alternatives to the cartridges and bladders disclosed above arecontemplated within the scope of the present invention and, indeed, arecontemplated as forming part of other preferred embodiments ofelectronic devices of the invention. For example, FIG. 31a is a bottomperspective view of an alternative bladder 62 secured to the cartridgemounting plate 64 of FIG. 29a ; and FIG. 31b is an exploded view of thealternative bladder 62 and mounting plate 64 of FIG. 31 a.

FIG. 31c is yet another alternative bladder 62 secured to the cartridgemounting plate 64 of FIG. 29a , which view is a shaded line drawing; andFIG. 31d is a solid view of the view of FIG. 31 c.

Additionally, FIG. 32a is a top perspective view of another alternativebladder 66 for use with the cartridge mounting plate of FIG. 29a ; FIG.32b is a bottom perspective view of the bladder of FIG. 32a ; FIG. 32cis a top perspective view of another alternative bladder 68 for use withthe cartridge mounting plate of FIG. 29a ; FIG. 32d is a bottomperspective view of the bladder 68 of FIG. 32c ; FIG. 32e is a topperspective view of another alternative bladder 70 for use with thecartridge mounting plate of FIG. 29a ; and FIG. 32f is a bottomperspective view of the bladder 70 of FIG. 32 e.

With particular regard to bladder shapes and geometries, includingcorrugated bladders, FIG. 33a is a top plan view of another alternativebladder 72 for use with the cartridge mounting plate of FIG. 29a ; FIG.33b is a bottom perspective view of the bladder 72 of FIG. 33a ; FIG.33c is a top plan view of another alternative bladder 74 for use withthe cartridge mounting plate of FIG. 29a ; FIG. 33d is a bottomperspective view of the bladder 74 of FIG. 33c ; FIG. 33e is a top planview of another alternative bladder 76 for use with the cartridgemounting plate of FIG. 29a ; FIG. 33f is an elevational side view of thebladder 76 of FIG. 33e ; FIG. 33g is a top plan view of anotheralternative bladder 78 for use with the cartridge mounting plate of FIG.29a ; and FIG. 33h is a bottom perspective view of the bladder 78 ofFIG. 33 g.

An example of a vaporizer 80 utilizing the bladder of FIG. 31a is seenin FIG. 34a , which is a wire frame illustration of the vaporizerillustrating in solid view use of the bladder of FIG. 31a . Furthermore,FIG. 34b is a transparent, top perspective view of a cartridge body 82including mesh assembly illustrating in solid view use of the bladder ofFIG. 31a ; and FIG. 34c is a bottom perspective view of the cartridgebody 82 of FIG. 34 b.

FIG. 34d is a bottom perspective view of a cartridge 84 illustrating insolid view use of the bladder of FIG. 31c . FIG. 34e is a topperspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 34 d.

Different various methodologies for supplying liquid to the meshassembly at a generally uniform pressure and so as to keep the liquid incontinuous contact with the mesh material are disclosed in thealternative embodiments of cartridges seen in FIGS. 35a through 40b .FIG. 41 additionally sets forth other potential means for causing theliquid to contact the mesh material, which are shown in contrast togravity fed systems. FIG. 42 additionally illustrates four additionallow pressure bladder concepts that are contemplated for use in somepreferred embodiments of the invention.

For example, FIG. 35a is a perspective view of an alternative cartridge90 for use with the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view apiezoelectric material, mesh material, bladder, and a mechanism fordriving fluid from the bladder to the mesh material for aerosolizing;FIG. 35b is a perspective view of the other side of the cartridge ofFIG. 35a ; and FIG. 35c is a side elevational view of the cartridge ofFIG. 35 a.

FIG. 35d is a perspective view of an alternative cartridge 92 for usewith the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view a piezoelectricmaterial, mesh material, bladder, and a mechanism for driving fluid fromthe bladder to the mesh material for aerosolizing. FIG. 35e is a view ofthe cartridge of FIG. 35d without the mechanism of FIG. 35d ; and FIG.35f is another view of the cartridge of FIG. 35e from a side opposite tothe side of the view of FIG. 35 e.

FIG. 36a is a top perspective view of an alternative cartridge 94 foruse with the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view apiezoelectric material, mesh material, bladder, and a mechanism fordriving fluid from the bladder to the mesh material for aerosolizing.FIG. 36b is a bottom perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 36 a.

FIG. 36c is a top perspective view of an alternative cartridge 96 foruse with the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view apiezoelectric material, mesh material, bladder, and a mechanism fordriving fluid from the bladder to the mesh material for aerosolizing.

FIG. 36d is a bottom perspective view of yet another alternativecartridge 98 for use with the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solidview a piezoelectric material, mesh material, bladder, and a mechanismfor driving fluid from the bladder to the mesh material foraerosolizing. FIG. 36e is a top perspective view of the cartridge ofFIG. 36d without the mechanism of FIG. 36 d.

FIG. 36f is a top perspective view of yet another alternative cartridge100 for use with the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view apiezoelectric material, mesh material, bladder, and a mechanism fordriving fluid from the bladder to the mesh material for aerosolizing.

FIG. 37a is an elevational view of an alternative cartridge 102 for usewith the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view a bladderthereof. FIG. 37b is a top perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 37a; and FIG. 37c is a bottom perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 37a. The bladder, which folds or collapses in an accordion-like fashion,preferably comprises folds lines and is made of silicone.

FIG. 37d is a bottom perspective view of yet another alternativecartridge 104 for use with the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating insolid view a bladder thereof which is similar to the bladder of FIG. 37a, but which includes a radial arm for side filling of liquid throughinjection at an injection site that is on a side of the cartridge ratherthan at the bottom of the cartridge. FIG. 37e is a top perspective viewof the cartridge of FIG. 37 d.

FIG. 38a is top perspective view of an alternative cartridge 106 for usewith the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view a piezoelectricmaterial, mesh material, and bladder thereof; and FIG. 38b is a bottomperspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 38a . The bladder of thesefigures has a large volume is shown open or exposed. A mechanism forpressing against the bladder for expelling or driving the liquid thereininto constant contact with the mesh material of the piezo mesh disk ispreferably utilized, such mechanism being any of those disclosed herein.

FIG. 38c is top perspective view of yet another alternative cartridge108 for use with the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view apiezoelectric material, mesh material, and bladder thereof. FIG. 38d isanother top perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 38c ; and FIG. 38eis a bottom perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 38c . The bladderof this cartridge is the same as that of FIGS. 38a-38b with theexception that the bladder is contained within a chamber the conforms tothe filled shape of the bladder. The chamber is open at the bottom, asseen in FIG. 38e . Use of a chamber facilitates use of a fluid, such asa gas or a secondary liquid, to be used for pressuring and collapsingthe bladder.

FIG. 39a is a top perspective view of an alternative cartridge 110 foruse with the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid viewpiezoelectric materials, mesh material, and bladder thereof; and FIG.39b is a bottom perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 39a . Thecartridge in these figures comprises a piezoelectric array locatedaround the bladder. Each member of the array preferable is actuated in asequence that drives the liquid toward the mouth of the bladder intocontact with the mesh material of the piezo mesh disk. For example, thesequence of actuation can constrict the bladder beginning at the distalend with the constriction working its way toward the mouth, similar tointestinal movement.

FIG. 40a is a top perspective view of an alternative cartridge 112 foruse with the vaporizer of FIG. 23 illustrating in solid view apiezoelectric material, mesh material, bladder, and foam inserts orblocks.

FIG. 40b is a bottom perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 40a .This cartridge comprises foam that is compressed when the bladder isfilled. The compression of the foam preferable will pressure the bladderand drive liquid into constant contact with the mesh material of thepiezo mesh disk. The foam may be an open cell foam.

Other contemplated ways of pumping, pushing, or otherwise forcing theliquid into contact with the vibrating mesh include using a solenoidpump, a capillary tube or plurality of capillary tubes, and a vacuumpump. Gravity may also be used when the electronic device is notintended to be orientation-agnostic in use, but such use is notpreferred.

In each instance regardless of the manner in which the liquid is pushedfrom the cartridge into contact with the vibrating mesh, the liquidpreferably is supplied to the vibrating mesh at a generally constantpressure whereby a generally uniform aerosol is produced. This ispreferably done regardless of the orientation of the electronic device.The electronic device also preferably comprises a reservoir for theliquid. In some embodiments, the reservoir is an anti-pyrolysis vapereservoir with no smoldering and no combustion. In some embodiments, theliquid of the device features a thermostable liquid carrier.

Circuitry shown in the form of a printed circuit board or “PCB” in FIG.28d , for example, preferably is included in each electronic device forcontrolling actuation of the vibrating mesh. A printed circuit board maycomprise an application specific integrated circuit. The actuation andresulting vibrations/oscillations preferably are consistent forconsistently generating the aerosol, with minimal variations orfluctuations in frequency and amplitude. The circuitry also preferablycontrols actuation of the mechanism—when an active mechanism—for pushingthe liquid into contact with the vibrating mesh at a generally constantpressure. A microcontroller also may be included.

Additionally, with regard to more aspects and features of the presentinvention, the mesh material preferably has opening diameters of 1-2microns, or 1,000-2,000 nanometers; when actuated, the flow rate of theliquid from the bladder to the vibrating mesh material is preferablyabout 0.25 milliliters per minute; preferred overall dimensions of avaporizer are about 16 millimeters by 25 millimeters by 110 millimeters;and a vibrating mesh preferably remains in direct contact with theliquid for consistent production of the aerosol.

Furthermore, the bladder preferably physically contacts and forms a sealwith the piezo mesh desk so that liquid from the bladder does not leakfrom the bladder. Specifically, a top flange of the bladder preferablyservices as a gasket or glad seal to the underside of the piezo meshdisk. The bottom end of the bladder preferably comprises the fill siteand also serves to anchor and mechanically hold bladder in its positionwithin the cartridge.

Additionally, the bladder preferably contains the volume of liquidbehind the mesh at a relatively low pressure regardless of orientationas the volume is depleted with use. The seal is believed to fail atpressures above about 0.3 psi and, therefore, the liquid preferably isdriven from the bladder into contact with the mesh material at less than0.3 psi. The pressure at which the liquid is supplied to the meshmaterial therefore has been found to be very low.

When the liquid is an aqueous mixture (e.g., water or saline), theliquid preferably contacts the mesh material at a pressure less thanabout 0.3 psi. It is believed that higher pressure will lead to leakingand failure of the mesh material to produce a desired aerosol consistentwith a vapor cloud. Higher pressure indeed may likely lead to the fluidflowing through perforations of the mesh material and flooding orwetting the other side of the mesh material causing the mesh material tonot function correctly in producing the desired aerosol until dry.Higher pressure also may result in stretching and deformation of thewall so the bladder, resulting in mechanical failure.

The bladder also preferably acts as a capillary pump in addition toserving as a reservoir for the liquid.

Many preferred electronic devices of the invention are orientationagnostic, meaning that the desired aerosol is produced regardless of thedirection an electronic device is held when used relative to the forcesof gravity.

Disposable cartridges in accordance with preferred embodiments of theinvention each comprises a mesh assembly including aperture plate andelectronic contacts, a bladder, and a mouthpiece.

In accordance with a feature of the invention, the bladder has ahardness of about 40 durometer.

While alternatives such as pumps, drives, pistons, and wicking solutionsare disclosed for causing the liquid in the bladder to be in contactwith the mesh material, the bladder is believed to be the simplestmechanism and therefore is preferred. Furthermore, the bladderpreferably is formed from a self-healing silicone material and can befilled with a syringe without injecting air into the bladder. Thisprocess preferably is automated and occurs during assembly of cartridgesand/or vaporizers.

In some preferred embodiments, the bladder comprises corrugated wallsand is formed from a flexible material and has flexibility such that thebladder changes volume without initially stretching of the material fromwhich it is formed. Moreover, the volume of the bladder preferably isextremely low of nothing when the bladder is in a natural, fully relaxed(or collapsed) state. When fully collapsed, the bladder preferablyprovides some capillary benefit to extract the last amount of liquidfrom the bladder. To this end, it is believed that the vibrating mesh isable to create a light vacuum which is instrumental in fully evacuatingthe bladder of the liquid contained therein.

In some preferred embodiments of the invention, the electronic devicecomprises a vibrating mesh nebulizer coupled with acapillary-effect/vacuum pump system (corrugated silicone bladder), thatacts as an orientation agnostic “liquid drive”, whereby the vaporizer isable to be held in any direction and still function properly.

In at lease some preferred embodiments, the corrugated bladder acts bothas the capillary/vacuum pump as well as the liquid reservoir, ensuringthat the liquid is in constant contact with the vibrating mesh, withoutdisturbing the oscillations of the mesh material when the piezoelectricmaterial is actuated.

Bladders disclosed also are believed to provide a range of interiorsurface areas relative to volume and pressure for desired supply of theliquid to the mesh material and proper operation of the vaporizer.Indeed, other shapes and geometries may not enable the capillary actionof the bladder, the orientation-agnostic character of the operation ofthe vaporizer, and the proper oscillation of the mesh material (i.e.,too much pressure and leaking of the fluid can mute oscillations of themesh material, inhibiting aerosolizing of the liquid in a vaping form).Flexibility of design also allows corrugated walls and flexibility ofthe material the bladder allows changes in volume without initiallystretching the material, which is preferred. Thus, in at least somepreferred embodiments, the volume of a natural state or relaxed state ofthe bladder is basically zero. When all fully collapses some capillarybenefit should be obtained in order to extract last amount of liquidfrom the bladder, especially when combined with the light vacuumprovided by the vibrating mesh.

Additionally, while the top flange of the bladder serves as a gasket orglad seal to the underside of the mesh, the bottom distal end or “post”of the bladder that preferably serves the fill sight also mechanicallyholds the bladder in position when secured to the mounting plate of thecartridge.

With regard to additional aspects, features and embodiments of theinvention, and with reference to FIGS. 43-45, a preferred activeingredient delivery system for inhalation is contemplated to be capableof accommodating and delivering a range of different types of activeingredients to the body through the pulmonary system. Active ingredientscapable of delivery using one or more delivery systems described hereininclude, but are not limited to, pharmaceutical compounds,tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and nicotine. Thefollowing description of embodiments sets forth one or more activeingredient delivery systems largely within the context of delivering THCand/or CBD, but it should be understood that active ingredient deliverysystems described herein are also usable for delivery of nicotine,pharmaceuticals, micronutrients, and other types of active ingredientsby inhalation and are not limited to delivery of THC/CBD.

THC and CBD are two of several different cannabinoids found in plants ofthe Cannabis genus. Using extraction techniques, THC and CBD can beisolated from the plant matrix for medicinal and/or recreational use.THC and CBD interact with different receptors in the human brain and,thus, cause a different treatment or effect in the user. For purposes ofthe below discussion, THC and CBD may be referenced together as“THC/CBD.” It should be understood that, as used herein, “THC/CBD”refers to a cannabinoid-based active ingredient that includes both THCand CBD, THC without CBD, or CBD without THC.

THC and CBD are hydrophobic molecules that do not readily mix withaqueous solutions like water. To facilitate delivery to the human body,THC/CBD molecules are encapsulated into nanoparticles comprising oildroplets of the THC/CBD active ingredient surrounded by one or moreencapsulation agents, such as surfactants or emulsifiers, which shieldthe oil droplets from the surrounding aqueous environment. The shieldedoil droplets can then mix into aqueous solutions. One example of such amixture is a nanoemulsion, where the oil phase includes the hydrophobicTHC/CBD molecules shielded by one or more surfactants from thesurrounding aqueous phase.

FIG. 43 is a schematic diagram of an active ingredient pulmonarydelivery nanoparticle in the form of a micelle 810 in accordance withone or more aspects of the invention. In FIG. 43, the hydrophobicdroplet 812 comprised of oil containing THC/CBD molecules is surroundedby a monolayer 814 of one or more encapsulation agents, which forms anaggregate. In at least some embodiments, the monolayer 814 is alipid-based monolayer. Molecules forming the monolayer 814 includehydrophilic heads 816 that are in contact with the surrounding aqueoussolution 840 and hydrophobic tails 818 that extend toward the micellecenter. The hydrophilic heads 816 form the boundary of the monolayer 814that facilitates isolation of the hydrophobic component, including thehydrophobic active ingredient 860, to permit mixing of the micelle 810into the aqueous solution 840. As shown in FIG. 43, the micelle 810 islargely spherical in shape, although non-spherical shapes are alsopossible. As shown in FIG. 43, the micelle 810 and the aqueous solution840 are contained within a cartridge 800.

FIG. 44 is a schematic diagram of an active ingredient pulmonarydelivery nanoparticle in the form of a liposome 820 carrying an activeingredient 860 within a bilayer in accordance with one or more aspectsof the invention. In FIG. 44, the oil component resides in a hydrophobicarea 822 of the liposome 820 between a bilayer of one or moreencapsulation agents. In at least some embodiments, the bilayer is alipid-based bilayer. Molecules that form the outer layer 824 of thebilayer include hydrophilic heads 828 that are in contact with thesurrounding aqueous solution 850 and hydrophobic tails 830 that extendinto the hydrophobic area 822 between the layers 822,824. Lipidmolecules that form the inner layer 826 of the bilayer includehydrophilic heads 832 that are in contact with the aqueous solution 852at the center of the liposome 820 and hydrophobic tails 834 that extendinto the hydrophobic area 822 of the bilayer. The hydrophilic heads828,832 form the boundaries of the bilayer that facilitate isolation ofthe hydrophobic area, which includes the hydrophobic active ingredient860. With the hydrophobic area 822 isolated, the liposome 820 can bemixed into the surrounding aqueous solution 850. As indicated in FIG.44, the liposome 820 is largely spherical in shape, althoughnon-spherical shapes are also possible. As shown in FIG. 44, theliposome 820 and the surrounding aqueous solution 850 are containedwithin a cartridge 800.

Liquid mixtures that include active ingredient delivery nanoparticles inaccordance with FIG. 43 or 44 include an active ingredient, anencapsulation agent, and an aqueous solution. As described herein, onecontemplated active ingredient includes THC/CBD molecules, although awide range of other active ingredients are contemplated to bedeliverable to the human pulmonary system in accordance with theinvention, including, but not limited to, pharmaceutical compounds,micronutrients, and nicotine. Encapsulation agents to encapsulatehydrophobic active ingredient molecules are compounds with a hydrophobicregion and a hydrophilic region. It is contemplated that encapsulationagents include, but are not limited to, lipids, polymers, andsurfactants. Encapsulation agents can be used singly or in combinationwith each other. The aqueous solution is a medium that can be selectedand formulated to achieve an osmotic balance with respect to humanphysiology. In at least some embodiments, the aqueous solution is a 0.9%saline solution, which is understood to provide a preferred osmoticbalance with human physiology of the lungs. Furthermore, a 0.9% salinesolution as the aqueous medium facilitates a safer user experience,particularly when the liquid mixture is aerosolized.

With respect to polymers as encapsulation agents, it is contemplatedthat polymers include, but are not limited to, poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid (PLGA), polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA),polycaprolactone (PCL), and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB).

With respect to surfactants as encapsulation agents, it is contemplatedthat surfactants include, but are not limited to: high puritypolyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (also known by its trade name, SUPERREFINED® Polysorbate 80); polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate; (alsoknown by its trade name, TWEEN® Polysorbate 80); polyoxyethylenesorbitan monostearate (also known by its trade name TWEEN® Polysorbate60); polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate (also known by its tradename TWEEN® Polysorbate 40); polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (alsoknown by its trade name TWEEN® Polysorbate 20); lecithin;dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC);1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC); sorbitan monostearate(also known by its trade name SPAN 60); and sorbitan monopalmitate (alsoknown by its trade name SPAN 40). When using one or more surfactants asan encapsulating agent, a ratio of surfactant combinations is determinedby hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values inherent to eachsurfactant. The combination of surfactants yields a weighted average HLBvalue that can be used to match the target application in order toenhance or optimize mixing of nanoparticles containing the activeingredient into the aqueous solution. For example, an HLB valuemeasuring from approximately 8 to approximately 16 is satisfactory foroil-in-water emulsions.

In at least some embodiments, the encapsulating agent includes a highpurity or high-grade surfactant, which is understood to enhance theshelf-life of the resulting mixture as well as to improve the efficacyand safety of the resulting mixture. One such high purity surfactantthat can be used in the formulation is high purity polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate, which is also known by its trade name, SUPERREFINED® Polysorbate 80. SUPER REFINED® Polysorbate 80 is manufacturedand sold by Croda International Plc of the United Kingdom.

A ratio of the surfactant relative to the active ingredient affects thesize of the resulting nanoparticles (e.g., micelles and/or liposomesthat contain the active ingredient). In various embodiments, it iscontemplated that the surfactant-to-active-ingredient ratio can rangefrom approximately 0.1:1 to approximately 10:1. Size of the resultingnanoparticles that contain the active ingredient affects a variety ofcharacteristics of the final product, including pulmonary deposition ofthe active ingredient, absorption of the active ingredient, and theproduct shelf-life.

In at least some embodiments, a process for producing a liquid mixturethat includes active-ingredient nanocarriers in accordance with FIGS.43-45 is accomplished using a microfluidics approach. Microfluidicsinvolves utilizing a network of channels having very small dimensions toprocess the liquid mixture in order to achieve homogeneous mixture withconsistently-sized nanoparticles. In one such embodiment, amicrofluidizer is utilized to achieve the desired nanoparticle dispersaland uniform mixture with consistently-sized nanoparticles. During aprocessing step using a microfluidizer, it is contemplated that atemperature of the liquid mixture does not exceed a temperaturethreshold of 65° C. By not exceeding a predetermined temperaturethreshold, the risk of generating harmful HPHCs in the mixture via heatis reduced, thereby enhancing consumer safety. Additionally, processingthe liquid mixture using a microfluidizer facilitates processing withoutthe use of chemical solvents, which further reduces the risk ofgenerating harmful HPHCs in the final liquid mixture. Still further, useof a microfluidics approach helps to maintain sterility in the materialsused to produce the final liquid mixture, which also enhances consumersafety.

Using a microfluidics approach, the processed liquid includesnanoparticles of a uniformly small size and a low polydispersity index(PDI) value. In at least some embodiments, it is contemplated thatTHC/CBD nanoparticles in the final liquid mixture have an averagediameter less than 1,000 nanometers or, alternatively, have a dimensionthat is no larger than 1,000 nanometers. It is believed thatnanoparticles of this scale provide enhanced pulmonary deposition of theactive ingredient into the alveolar lung region, which facilitatesincreased pulmonary absorption. Furthermore, nanoparticles of this scaleenhance the stability of the final liquid mixture, which increases itsshelf-life. Additionally, in at least some embodiments, it iscontemplated that the final liquid mixture has a PDI value measuringless than 0.3. The PDI value provides a measurement of the broadness ofsize distribution. A low PDI value is indicative of a high level ofparticle size uniformity in a mixture. In accordance with contemplatedembodiments of the invention, the PDI value is 0.3 or less, which isbelieved to indicate a liquid mixture with increased stability andenhanced shelf-life. A PDI measurement scale assigns a value of 0.0 to apopulation of particles where the particles have a perfectly uniformsize and a value of 1.0 to a highly polydisperse population of particleswith multiple size populations.

In at least some embodiments, it is contemplated that the pH of thefinal liquid mixture can be adjusted to accommodate a specificobjective. For example, in some embodiments, a pH value of the finalliquid mixture that is greater than approximately 3 and less thanapproximately 10 can improve the inhalation experience for the user byreducing a cough reaction. In preferred embodiments, a pH value of thefinal liquid mixture that is greater than approximately 5.5 and lessthan approximately 8, more preferably, is about 6.5, so as to match thepH of the human respiratory tract, improve consumer safety, enhancepulmonary absorption of the active ingredient, and enhance or optimizeshelf-life of the liquid.

The final liquid mixture includes many THC/CBD-encapsulatednanoparticles that are uniformly suspended in an aqueous solution fordownstream aerosolization by an aerosolizing device for inhalation. Suchdevices may include, for example, vaporizers and nebulizers.

In at least some embodiments, the encapsulated molecules are chemicallybonded to other molecules in a conjugated system. Establishing aconjugated system with chemical bonds between the active ingredientmolecules and other molecules facilitates more efficient encapsulationof the active ingredients via the techniques described herein. In somecontemplated embodiments, then THC/CBD molecules are chemically bondedwith molecules of stearic acid and/or oleic acid. Establishing aconjugated system, as described herein, is understood to enhance oroptimize encapsulation of THC/CBD molecules as well as other drugs orpharmaceutical compounds.

It is contemplated that formulations and methods as described herein canbe applied to hydrophobic drugs or compounds other than THC/CBD. It isfurther contemplated that formulations and methods as described hereincan be applied to hydrophilic drugs or compounds with modifications. Onesuch modification includes encapsulating the hydrophilic drug orcompound into a hydrophilic core of a liposomal nanoparticle. Anothersuch modification includes conjugation of the hydrophilic drug orcompound to a hydrophobic molecule (such as by chemical bonding) inorder to achieve an overall hydrophobic compound capable of beingencapsulated in the manner as set forth in FIGS. 43 and 44.

Regarding encapsulation of a hydrophilic drug or compound into ahydrophilic core of a liposomal nanoparticle, reference is made to FIG.45, which is a schematic diagram of an active ingredient pulmonarydelivery nanoparticle in the form of a liposome 920 carrying ahydrophilic active ingredient 960 in a hydrophilic core 958 inaccordance with one or more aspects of the invention. In FIG. 45, thehydrophobic component resides in a hydrophobic area 922 of the liposome920 between a bilayer of one or more encapsulation agents. In at leastsome embodiments, the bilayer is a lipid-based bilayer. Molecules thatform the outer layer 924 of the bilayer include hydrophilic heads 928that are in contact with the surrounding aqueous solution 950 andhydrophobic tails 930 that extend into the hydrophobic area 922 of thebilayer. Lipid molecules that form the inner layer 926 of the bilayerinclude hydrophilic heads 932 that are in contact with the aqueoussolution 952 at the core 958 of the liposome 920 and hydrophobic tails934 that extend into the hydrophobic area 922 of the bilayer. Thehydrophilic heads 928,932 form the barriers of the bilayer thatfacilitate isolation of the hydrophobic area 922. The hydrophilic activeingredient 960 is contained within the hydrophilic core 958. With thehydrophobic area 922 isolated, the liposome 920 can be mixed into thesurrounding aqueous solution 950. As indicated in FIG. 45, the liposome920 is largely spherical in shape, although non-spherical shapes arealso possible. Also, the liposome 920 and the surrounding aqueoussolution 950 are contained within a cartridge 800.

In at least some embodiments, it is further contemplated that theaqueous solution of the product can be buffered to mitigate pH overtime. In this respect, it is contemplated that a saline solution can beconverted to a phosphate buffer saline solution. Buffering the solutionwith the addition of a buffering agent can enhance consistency of theproduct, increase the shelf-life, and enhance the consumer experiencewhen the product is aerosolized during use.

In at least some embodiments, it is further contemplated that additivescan be included in the aqueous solution of the product. Contemplatedadditives include, but are not limited to antioxidants (such as ascorbicacid, sodium ascorbate, or others) and preservatives (such asantimicrobials). In some respects, additives can provide a saferconsumer experience when the product is aerosolized during use. In otherrespects, additives can enhance the shelf-life of the product.

Additives can also be used to enhance or complement the user experience.For example, additives can be included to enhance or complement thesmell/taste during inhalation of the aerosolized product. Additives toenhance or complement the smell/taste during inhalation include, but arenot limited to, menthol and mint. Furthermore, additives can be includedto enhance or complement the inhalation sensation during inhalation ofthe aerosolized product. An additive that enhances or complements theinhalation sensation might mimic a throat hit sensation commonlyassociated with nicotine inhalation or the sensation might trigger afeeling of smoothness for the consumer.

In at least some embodiments, it is further contemplated that a carrieror diluent solution is used in connection with the active ingredient toincrease stability of the resulting product. Additionally, a carrier ordiluent solution can enhance manufacturing process efficiency withrespect to the ability to encapsulate the active ingredient when formingthe nanoparticles. One contemplated carrier or diluent solution includesa medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil.

While many aspects and features relate to, and are described in, thecontext of THC/CBD delivery systems, the invention is not limited to useonly in pulmonary delivery of THC/CBD, as will become apparent from thefollowing summaries and detailed descriptions of aspects, features, andone or more embodiments of the invention.

Based on the foregoing description, it will be readily understood bythose persons skilled in the art that the invention has broad utilityand application. Electronic devices of the invention can be utilized todeliver liquids comprising supplements, drugs, or therapeuticallyeffective amounts of pharmaceuticals using an aerosol having particlesof a size that can easily be inhaled. The aerosol can be used, forexample, by a patient within the bounds of an inhalation therapy,whereby the liquid containing a supplement, therapeutically effectivepharmaceutical, or drug reaches the patient's respiratory tract uponinhalation. Desired compounds such as nicotine, flavoring, andsupplements like B12, can be received by a person through inhalationwithout the toxic byproducts like formaldehyde—a recognized Group 1Carcinogen for caner—that is currently being created during heating inconventional vapes. Electronic devices of the invention further can beused in the marijuana industries, but only where legal, for delivery ofcannabinoids and CBD oils and the like. Moreover, many embodiments andadaptations of the invention other than those specifically describedherein, as well as many variations, modifications, and equivalentarrangements, will be apparent from or reasonably suggested by theinvention and the foregoing descriptions thereof, without departing fromthe substance or scope of the invention.

It further will be appreciated from the foregoing that at least somepreferred embodiments of the invention represent a portable,orientation-agnostic vibrating mesh nebulizer. It further will beappreciated from the foregoing that at least some preferred embodimentsemit an aerosol that is—sensorially speaking—equivalent to vapor, i.e.,not a mist but instead that which is generated by traditional vapes,thereby providing an enjoyable consumer product for those who areaccustomed to vaping.

Accordingly, while the invention has been described herein in detail inrelation to one or more preferred embodiments, it is to be understoodthat this disclosure is only illustrative and exemplary of the inventionand is made merely for the purpose of providing a full and enablingdisclosure of the invention. The foregoing disclosure is not intended tobe construed to limit the invention or otherwise exclude any such otherembodiments, adaptations, variations, modifications or equivalentarrangements, the invention being limited only by the claims appendedhereto and the equivalents thereof.

1-18. (canceled)
 19. A liquid-filled cartridge for use with anelectronic device for delivery of a substance into a body throughrespiration, comprising: (a) a liquid container; and (b) a liquid foraerosolizing and inhaling by a person using the electronic device, theliquid being contained within the liquid container and comprising ananoemulsion, each of a plurality of nanoparticles of the nanoemulsioncomprising an encapsulation of the substance to be delivered into thebody through respiration.
 20. The liquid-filled cartridge of claim 19,wherein the liquid is an oil-in-water nanoemulsion.
 21. Theliquid-filled cartridge of claim 19, wherein each nanoparticle is amicelle.
 22. The liquid-filled cartridge of claim 19, wherein eachnanoparticle is a liposome.
 23. The liquid-filled cartridge of claim 19,wherein the substance is encapsulated by a polymer.
 24. Theliquid-filled cartridge of claim 19, wherein the substance isencapsulated by a surfactant.
 25. The liquid-filled cartridge of claim24, wherein the surfactant comprises high purity polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate.
 26. The liquid-filled cartridge of claim 19,wherein the encapsulated substance comprises tetrahydrocannabinol. 27.(canceled)
 28. The liquid-filled cartridge of claim 19, wherein theencapsulated substance comprises tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol.29. The liquid-filled cartridge of claim 19, wherein the encapsulatedsubstance comprises a pharmaceutical compound.
 30. The liquid-filledcartridge of claim 19, wherein the encapsulated substance comprisesnicotine.
 31. The liquid-filled cartridge of claim 19, wherein thenanoparticles are dispersed within an aqueous solution.
 32. Theliquid-filled cartridge of claim 31, wherein the aqueous solutioncomprises a saline.
 33. The liquid-filled cartridge of claim 32, whereinthe aqueous solution comprises sodium chloride.
 34. The liquid-filledcartridge of claim 33, wherein the nanoparticles are dispersed within anaqueous solution of 0.9% sodium chloride.
 35. The liquid-filledcartridge of claim 19, wherein a pH of the liquid is between about 5.5and about
 8. 36. The liquid-filled cartridge of claim 19, wherein a pHof the liquid is between about 6.5.
 37. The liquid-filled cartridge ofclaim 19, wherein a molecular ratio of the encapsulated substance to anencapsulating agent of the nanoparticle is between about 0.1:1 to about10:1.
 38. The liquid-filled cartridge of claim 19, wherein apolydispersity index measurement of the nanoemulsion is less than 0.3.39-49. (canceled)
 50. The liquid-filled cartridge of claim 19, whereinthe liquid container comprises a bladder containing between about 1 mland 3 ml of the liquid and a mesh assembly comprising a mesh materialand a piezoelectric material, which mesh material is configured tovibrate when the piezoelectric material is actuated whereby the liquidis aerosolized when the mesh material contacts the liquid of the liquidcontainer; wherein the cartridge is configured to mount onto an end of abase housing of an electronic device and electronically couple withcircuitry and a power supply for actuating the mesh assembly, thecartridge forming the mouthpiece of the electronic device.